關于避免和治療猴痘的最新建議是什么?
指南者留學
2022-07-29 17:36:13
閱讀量:1255
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMckgWY6GM4macx55HACocc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"><strong>有一些措施可以避免感染,并且有可能接種疫苗,新南威爾士大學悉尼分校柯比研究所的一位公共衛(wèi)生專家說。</strong></span></div>
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<div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcn26iaEYA0uCKq6I6garL6yg" style="text-align: justify;" data-type="image" data-ace-gallery-json="{"items":[{"uuid":"c224158b-3702-435d-be36-bd9da3c109ed","height":397,"width":563,"currHeight":397,"currWidth":563,"natrualHeight":397,"natrualWidth":563,"pluginName":"imageUpload","scale":1,"src":"https%3A%2F%2Finternal-api-drive-stream.feishu.cn%2Fspace%2Fapi%2Fbox%2Fstream%2Fdownload%2Fall%2FboxcnPFsqlp8qLVNQeDbA2l7OtY%2F%3Fmount_node_token%3Ddoxcn26iaEYA0uCKq6I6garL6yg%26mount_point%3Ddocx_image","file_token":"boxcnPFsqlp8qLVNQeDbA2l7OtY","image_type":"image/jpeg","size":234674,"comments":[]}]}"><span class="p"><img src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1659432943039/1659432943039.png" width="563" height="397" /></span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoIoSCEM44Wq0Udm4ED7MPe" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">引起猴痘病的猴痘病毒顆粒的顯微照片。圖片:美國疾病控制中心</span></div>
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<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcneIk2sYui2uEuQDYo0Urmnd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"><strong>什么是猴痘,在澳大利亞是嗎,我們應該有多擔心?</strong></span></h3>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnuC0q8Sc0eSUK0kJxkgoylc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnes44UAIKGCseQ3TSbj8JXe" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">猴痘是一種病毒,于1958年在非洲首次被發(fā)現(xiàn),但直到最近,在該大陸以外還沒有看到廣泛的傳播。該病毒與天花有關,但引起嚴重疾病的可能性要小得多。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGWwCk6sGUuyKY1Uyj05Gad" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">然而,猴痘病例在近80個國家的突然擴散導致世界衛(wèi)生組織(世衛(wèi)組織)宣布其為“國際關注的突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件”。該宣言是全球呼吁通過識別、治療和預防來遏制猴痘,以防止猴痘流行。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnEkGgc6mWQAey2FxDgKmf8b" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">截至7月24日,澳大利亞有44例確診或可能猴痘病例。這意味著澳大利亞人應該保持警惕,并準備好對社區(qū)傳播的任何增加做出深思熟慮的反應。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnA4qeQgyEOosUMPXikMC2Zf" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">澳大利亞首席醫(yī)療官宣布,該國猴痘的日益增加是“具有國家意義的傳染病事件”。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnGkmwsW0uoi4WGCmWCYcPKc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">猴痘的癥狀與其毒性更強的表親天花相似,但更溫和。它們包括發(fā)燒,頭痛,淋巴結腫大,發(fā)冷,肌肉疼痛和背痛,以及看起來像丘疹或水泡的皮疹。這種皮疹可以出現(xiàn)在臉上,口腔內和身體的其他部位。在目前的流行中,大多數(shù)人在肛門生殖器和口腔區(qū)域都有病變。</span></div>
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<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnKQO2mA6q8eAMonOS0c4Anc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"><strong>猴痘是如何傳播的?</strong></span></h3>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaO4OQwQqK4cme68hueD8ld" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">猴痘主要通過直接接觸傳染性皮疹、結痂、膿皰和傳染性體液,以及通過呼吸道分泌物和可能的飛沫傳播。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcngyysyEOcUqwSgcxnswrWXy" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnA8m6cCouYMgGeMKtA4jAud" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">從本質上講,這意味著它通過密切的身體接觸具有傳染性。雖然它通常不被認為是“性傳播感染”,但正在進行的調查正在評估其在性液體中的存在和傳播。即使未被歸類為性傳播感染,它也很可能是由伴隨性行為的密切接觸者傳播的。它也可以通過與傳染性分泌物接觸的床單,衣服和毛巾傳播。</span></div>
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<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWm8kGoWeAiCyaiUjrrXG0d" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"><strong>自最近猴痘病例出現(xiàn)以來,同性戀,雙性戀和其他與男性發(fā)生性關系的男性在美國正在經歷恥辱。在疫情爆發(fā)期間,可以做些什么來教育反對歧視和保護弱勢群體?</strong></span></h3>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYuEE6ykksGEOy8XcKOMjHc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnC6KUIOukyUYOmimLbmyR2b" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">非洲以外的絕大多數(shù)猴痘病例都發(fā)生在男同性戀、雙性戀和其他男男性行為者(GBMSM)人群中,這引發(fā)了潛在的恥辱和歧視問題。從艾滋病毒中吸取的經驗教訓表明,與受影響人口合作應對新出現(xiàn)的傳染病,對于制定可接受的、可行的預防和護理方法非常有效。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUkUgScaqMKq4CIEASN1l9c" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">例如,在1980年代早期,美國的男同性戀者甚至在艾滋病毒被確定為艾滋病的原因之前就倡導保護避孕套的性行為。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnW6s6EycYwqgSaqcCDA37xd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnq4Q6cGc8CgsGKMmLcsZVkd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">相反,污名化和歧視是預防疾病的強大障礙。如果疾病被污名化,有癥狀的人可能不太可能尋求醫(yī)療護理并通知可能已經暴露的伴侶。這阻礙了預防舉措。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnG6Ewy0WeS8MIUaRV71Y0mb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnI4oYis8kIOUYQauSm1izpb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">受影響社區(qū)與決策者之間的合作可以建立信任,分享信息和制定預防戰(zhàn)略方法,并確保受影響的個人和群體能夠獲得治療和護理。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMqg6osGEou004Y1EwwahNd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">目前,澳大利亞的國家艾滋病毒組織和以州為基礎的LGBTQ組織正在與公共衛(wèi)生當局合作,并發(fā)布關于猴痘預防和治療的最新指南。</span></div>
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<div class="image-uploaded gallery old-record-id-doxcnsmcuAa0mWIAwag2SyQYw2g" style="text-align: justify;" data-type="image" data-ace-gallery-json="{"items":[{"uuid":"927ba76d-252e-47ca-8fc0-530050e0ad38","height":206,"width":563,"currHeight":206,"currWidth":563,"natrualHeight":206,"natrualWidth":563,"pluginName":"imageUpload","scale":1,"src":"https%3A%2F%2Finternal-api-drive-stream.feishu.cn%2Fspace%2Fapi%2Fbox%2Fstream%2Fdownload%2Fall%2FboxcnuNjtMAIzUFdGjQRr0IQLFd%2F%3Fmount_node_token%3DdoxcnsmcuAa0mWIAwag2SyQYw2g%26mount_point%3Ddocx_image","file_token":"boxcnuNjtMAIzUFdGjQRr0IQLFd","image_type":"image/jpeg","size":80604,"comments":[]}]}"><span class="p"><img src="https://info.compassedu.hk/sucai/content/1659432927861/1659432927861.png" width="563" height="206" /></span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnoE4Y04KkAiESk9mtjxrFWd" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="h6">有可能獲得猴痘疫苗。照片:Unsplash</span></div>
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<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcni2CYSYOmEUQUiET9ePLfif" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"><strong>澳大利亞的弱勢群體目前能否接種猴痘疫苗?如果沒有,為什么不呢?</strong></span></h3>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2Y0AaIseaYwCMDl7v6PkLg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcngsg6G8kwia8uAH2cFMlVuf" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">猴痘的特定疫苗尚未得到廣泛使用,但由于病毒的相似性,為天花開發(fā)的疫苗對猴痘有一定的療效。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn8SQSoGOqQQyCSUio7liB2g" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnkcSmWuA4aUQ4wzJwyNQ5xf" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">在澳大利亞,可能會增加疫苗的可及性,包括專門為猴痘開發(fā)的疫苗。天花疫苗是可用的,但考慮到副作用,特別是在免疫功能低下的人,包括艾滋病毒感染者,只建議高危接觸者使用。在不久的將來,應該有一種沒有這些擔憂的特定猴痘疫苗,并將更廣泛地用于高危人群,包括GBMSM人群。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMeYsmcUy4gGSaG8B63HaUb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<h3 class="heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcny2Y4MWQu8IC2wPxwHY2jgg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"><strong>澳大利亞需要做些什么來防止猴痘在這里爆發(fā)?</strong></span></h3>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnuk6MwOGCmym2gvDR08YqVc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">預防措施包括避免皮膚接觸和接吻,戴口罩,避免與穿少衣服的人聚會(皮膚接觸可能難以避免)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnIkwwiGGIuKgofZAEln15BP" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">世界衛(wèi)生組織還建議人們 - 特別是男男性行為者 - 繼續(xù)了解該病毒,監(jiān)測自己或他人的癥狀,并根據需要尋求醫(yī)療救助。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn6acSGAyQa2YoEBOE7vmj5c" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">病毒感染者應隔離并遵守有關獲得護理的健康指令(從道德角度來看,這種隔離應始終伴隨著互惠提供護理,支持和補償經濟劣勢)。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaIS6uKaayWeA2RKyuIbqcg" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">需要衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)做好準備,以確保臨床醫(yī)生知道何時進行檢測,確保迅速發(fā)現(xiàn)病例,以便部署適當?shù)闹委熀皖A防干預措施。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnWiyKmk6aO6umu019D1wHUc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">一旦特定猴痘疫苗供應充足,“環(huán)圍”疫苗接種等生物行為方法(為病例的所有已知接觸者接種疫苗)可能有效阻止傳播。在北美和歐洲,正在與多個伴侶一起接種GBM疫苗,并在澳大利亞進行。</span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnSQSu0KM4sCC86txk00pdMb" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p"> </span></div>
<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnCIWyC04uqqYmauKsJcCqhf" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">對于患有嚴重疾病的人,或者那些可能面臨嚴重疾病風險的猴痘患者,澳大利亞有抗病毒藥物,盡管它們仍然是實驗性的。首選的抗病毒藥物是Tecovirimat,它保存在國家藥品儲備中。</span></div>
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<div class="ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnscUgUQuaQauKITT9QtJkMc" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="p">最近接種過天花疫苗的人可能對猴痘有一定的免疫力。然而,10年前接種天花疫苗的人可能不再受到保護。對于“環(huán)圍”疫苗接種策略來說,這可能很重要。</span></div>
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